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Question-Suppose-that-we-consider-the-expression-1-1-n-n-as-n-the-sequence-converges-to-a-unique-irrational-constant-denoted-by-e-def-lim-n-1-1-n-n-e-Let-Sequence-A-h-1-1




Question Number 227865 by Lara2440 last updated on 23/Feb/26
Question.     Suppose that we consider the expression (1+(1/n))^n .   as n→∞ the sequence converges to a unique  irrational constant denoted by ′′e′′  def.  lim_(n→∞) (1+(1/n))^n =e  Let Sequence A_h =(1+(1/h))^h  , h>1      Let (1, 1+(1/n) , 1+(1/n) , .... , +1+(1/n)_( _(n times) )  )  ((1+n(1+(1/n)))/(n+1))>(1+(1/n))^(n/(n+1)) ⇒1+(1/(n+1))>(1+(1/n))^(n/(n+1))   (AM>GM )  ∴ A_n <A_(n+1)     A_n  is monotonic increase  by the Bernoulli Inequality 1+nx<(1+x)^n    1+n∙(1/n)<(1+(1/n))^n  and   (1+(1/n))^n =1+n((1/n))+((n(n−1))/(2!))((1/n))^2 +...<1+1+(1/2)+((1/2))^2 +((1/2))^3 ....=3  ∴ (1+(1/n))^n  bounded above  3   2<(1+(1/n))^n <3       I can accept the logic so far  but how can we be absolutely certain  that the limit ′′lim_(n→∞) (1+(1/n))^n  converges to that specific value  e=2.7182818284590452.......   After all the interval between 2 and 3 is densely packed with  infinitely many rational and irrational numbers.  why must it be that particular one.....???     We have shown two properties first that the sequence is  monotonically increasing and   second that it is bounded both above and below.  However these properties alone do not tell us the  exact value of the limit such as 2.7182818284590452....  To confirm that   the limit is indeed the irrational number ′′e′′ is the only way to  directly  calculate the Σ_(h=0) ^∞  (1/(h!)) ??  Furthermore is it sufficient to justify that this series  convergs to ′′e′′ by finding a sufficiently large ′′N′′  for any arbitary positive 𝛆>0 such that the difference is  less than 𝛆  “ for all 𝛆>0 Exist N∈N s.t. N<n ⇒ ∣A_n −L∣<𝛆”
$$\mathrm{Question}. \\ $$$$\: \\ $$$$\mathrm{Suppose}\:\mathrm{that}\:\mathrm{we}\:\mathrm{consider}\:\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{expression}\:\left(\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)^{{n}} .\: \\ $$$$\mathrm{as}\:{n}\rightarrow\infty\:\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{sequence}\:\mathrm{converges}\:\mathrm{to}\:\mathrm{a}\:\mathrm{unique} \\ $$$$\mathrm{irrational}\:\mathrm{constant}\:\mathrm{denoted}\:\mathrm{by}\:''\boldsymbol{\mathrm{e}}'' \\ $$$$\mathrm{def}.\:\:\underset{{n}\rightarrow\infty} {\mathrm{lim}}\left(\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)^{{n}} ={e} \\ $$$$\mathrm{Let}\:\mathrm{Sequence}\:{A}_{{h}} =\left(\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{h}}\right)^{{h}} \:,\:{h}>\mathrm{1}\: \\ $$$$\: \\ $$$$\mathrm{Let}\:\left(\mathrm{1},\underset{\underset{{n}\:\mathrm{times}} {\:}} {\underbrace{\:\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\:,\:\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\:,\:….\:,\:+\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}}}\:\right) \\ $$$$\frac{\mathrm{1}+{n}\left(\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)}{{n}+\mathrm{1}}>\left(\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)^{\frac{{n}}{{n}+\mathrm{1}}} \Rightarrow\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}+\mathrm{1}}>\left(\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)^{{n}/\left({n}+\mathrm{1}\right)} \:\:\left(\mathrm{AM}>\mathrm{GM}\:\right) \\ $$$$\therefore\:{A}_{{n}} <{A}_{{n}+\mathrm{1}} \:\: \\ $$$${A}_{{n}} \:\mathrm{is}\:\mathrm{monotonic}\:\mathrm{increase} \\ $$$$\mathrm{by}\:\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{Bernoulli}\:\mathrm{Inequality}\:\mathrm{1}+{nx}<\left(\mathrm{1}+{x}\right)^{{n}} \: \\ $$$$\mathrm{1}+{n}\centerdot\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}<\left(\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)^{{n}} \:\mathrm{and}\: \\ $$$$\left(\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)^{{n}} =\mathrm{1}+{n}\left(\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)+\frac{{n}\left({n}−\mathrm{1}\right)}{\mathrm{2}!}\left(\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)^{\mathrm{2}} +…<\mathrm{1}+\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{\mathrm{2}}+\left(\frac{\mathrm{1}}{\mathrm{2}}\right)^{\mathrm{2}} +\left(\frac{\mathrm{1}}{\mathrm{2}}\right)^{\mathrm{3}} ….=\mathrm{3} \\ $$$$\therefore\:\left(\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)^{{n}} \:\mathrm{bounded}\:\mathrm{above}\:\:\mathrm{3}\: \\ $$$$\mathrm{2}<\left(\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)^{{n}} <\mathrm{3}\:\: \\ $$$$\: \\ $$$$\mathrm{I}\:\mathrm{can}\:\mathrm{accept}\:\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{logic}\:\mathrm{so}\:\mathrm{far} \\ $$$$\mathrm{but}\:\mathrm{how}\:\mathrm{can}\:\mathrm{we}\:\mathrm{be}\:\mathrm{absolutely}\:\mathrm{certain} \\ $$$$\mathrm{that}\:\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{limit}\:''\underset{{n}\rightarrow\infty} {\mathrm{lim}}\left(\mathrm{1}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{n}}\right)^{{n}} \:\mathrm{converges}\:\mathrm{to}\:\mathrm{that}\:\mathrm{specific}\:\mathrm{value} \\ $$$$\boldsymbol{\mathrm{e}}=\mathrm{2}.\mathrm{7182818284590452}…….\: \\ $$$$\mathrm{After}\:\mathrm{all}\:\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{interval}\:\mathrm{between}\:\mathrm{2}\:\mathrm{and}\:\mathrm{3}\:\mathrm{is}\:\mathrm{densely}\:\mathrm{packed}\:\mathrm{with} \\ $$$$\mathrm{infinitely}\:\mathrm{many}\:\mathrm{rational}\:\mathrm{and}\:\mathrm{irrational}\:\mathrm{numbers}. \\ $$$$\mathrm{why}\:\mathrm{must}\:\mathrm{it}\:\mathrm{be}\:\mathrm{that}\:\mathrm{particular}\:\mathrm{one}…..??? \\ $$$$\: \\ $$$$\mathrm{We}\:\mathrm{have}\:\mathrm{shown}\:\mathrm{two}\:\mathrm{properties}\:\mathrm{first}\:\mathrm{that}\:\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{sequence}\:\mathrm{is} \\ $$$$\mathrm{monotonically}\:\mathrm{increasing}\:\mathrm{and}\: \\ $$$$\mathrm{second}\:\mathrm{that}\:\mathrm{it}\:\mathrm{is}\:\mathrm{bounded}\:\mathrm{both}\:\mathrm{above}\:\mathrm{and}\:\mathrm{below}. \\ $$$$\mathrm{However}\:\mathrm{these}\:\mathrm{properties}\:\mathrm{alone}\:\mathrm{do}\:\mathrm{not}\:\mathrm{tell}\:\mathrm{us}\:\mathrm{the} \\ $$$$\mathrm{exact}\:\mathrm{value}\:\mathrm{of}\:\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{limit}\:\mathrm{such}\:\mathrm{as}\:\mathrm{2}.\mathrm{7182818284590452}…. \\ $$$$\mathrm{To}\:\mathrm{confirm}\:\mathrm{that}\: \\ $$$$\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{limit}\:\mathrm{is}\:\mathrm{indeed}\:\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{irrational}\:\mathrm{number}\:''\boldsymbol{\mathrm{e}}''\:\mathrm{is}\:\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{only}\:\mathrm{way}\:\mathrm{to} \\ $$$$\mathrm{directly}\:\:\mathrm{calculate}\:\mathrm{the}\:\underset{{h}=\mathrm{0}} {\overset{\infty} {\sum}}\:\frac{\mathrm{1}}{{h}!}\:?? \\ $$$$\mathrm{Furthermore}\:\mathrm{is}\:\mathrm{it}\:\mathrm{sufficient}\:\mathrm{to}\:\mathrm{justify}\:\mathrm{that}\:\mathrm{this}\:\mathrm{series} \\ $$$$\mathrm{convergs}\:\mathrm{to}\:''\boldsymbol{\mathrm{e}}''\:\mathrm{by}\:\mathrm{finding}\:\mathrm{a}\:\mathrm{sufficiently}\:\mathrm{large}\:''\boldsymbol{\mathrm{N}}'' \\ $$$$\mathrm{for}\:\mathrm{any}\:\mathrm{arbitary}\:\mathrm{positive}\:\boldsymbol{\epsilon}>\mathrm{0}\:\mathrm{such}\:\mathrm{that}\:\mathrm{the}\:\mathrm{difference}\:\mathrm{is} \\ $$$$\mathrm{less}\:\mathrm{than}\:\boldsymbol{\epsilon} \\ $$$$“\:\mathrm{for}\:\mathrm{all}\:\boldsymbol{\epsilon}>\mathrm{0}\:\mathrm{Exist}\:{N}\in\mathbb{N}\:\mathrm{s}.\mathrm{t}.\:{N}<{n}\:\Rightarrow\:\mid{A}_{{n}} −{L}\mid<\boldsymbol{\epsilon}'' \\ $$

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